Question |
Answer |
what was the key for trade occurring on a more frequent basis in which was discovered by the berbers |
camels (bc a pack animals couldn't travel as far whereas a camel could travel 60mi/day and go 10 days without water) |
how was the kingdom of ghana able to amass in riches |
through the gold salt trade |
how was ghana able to protect empire and wealth |
merchants met in trading cities under the watchful eye of the king's tax collector; taxing trade; royal officials made sure that all traders weighed goods fairly and did business according to law plus royal guards acted as protection against bandits |
what did the king of ghana do in order to protect the value of gold? |
stored them so only he could own gold |
what caused the gold salt trade to be so badly disrupted that it never allowed ghana to regain its power? |
war that arose from muslim almoravids of north africa contesting ghana |
how was the rise of the kingdom of mali similar to that of ghana |
wealth built on gold |
what allowed the kingdom of mali to sieze power |
miners who found gold deposits either east caused the most important trade routes to shift east making mali wealth and able to size power |
who was sudianta and how did he obtain his power |
mali's mansa (emperor) and by crushing a cruel unpopular leader |
what achievements ff sudianta accomplish outside of military victories? |
promoted agriculture, reestablish the gold salt trade, and put able administrators in charge of kali's finances, defense, and foreign affairs |
how was mansa musa able to expand his empire twice the size of ghana's |
by his 100,000 men army who kept order and protected mali from attack, putting down every rebellion that arised |
mansa musa was a devout muslim and went on the hajj to mecca…what did he do on his travels that let others see the wealth of mali |
gave away enormous amounts of gold |
what did mans musa do upon his return from the hajj |
ordered boiling of new mosques and trading cities of timbuktu and Gao |
which rulers converted to islam |
rulers after sudiata |
what was one of the most important cities of the mali empire |
timbuktu |
what were 3 reasons for the decline of mali |
mansa musa's sucessors lacked his ability of governing well; gold trade which was the basis of mali wealth shifted further eastward as new gold fields were discovered elsewhere |
what allowed songhai to become the new dominant empire of west africa |
built up an army and extended their terrify to large bend in niger river near Gao; gained control of all important trade routes and gas became capitol of their empire |
this person built vase empire by military conquest in songhai |
sunni ali |
what were sunni ali's military achievements |
built professional riverboat fleet of war canoes and mobile fighting force on horseback; by 1468 this person achieved their first military triumph |
what was the main reason that songhai lost its empire? how was this different from mali and ghana's loss of power |
sunni ali's son succeeded after his death but no one liked him bc he didn't practice islam as faithful so ask muhammad prove him out of power and replaced him; moroccan troops defeated songhai warriors bc of their lack of modern weapons |
why did the gold salt trade work for both parties |
west africa sufficient in gold but lacked salt while sahara was loaded with salt and could use the gold |
how were the east africa coast trade cities simulate to empire of west africa |
|
what caused the creation of swahili language |
the blending of arabic with bantu bc of increase in interaction between the two |
what were ensalved east africans used for before slavery dramatically increased in the 1700s? |
domestic tasks such as working on docks and ships at muslim controlled powers or as household servants in china (in 1700s used for colonial plantations |
belief that spirits living in animals, plants, and natural forces play an important role in dialy life |
animism |
what brought islam to ghana? how was this different than north africa |
trade where they settled here and introduced faith; ??? |
describe there actions that ghana's people had to islam and what was the typical reaction to the religions of islam and christianity spread to trade by the average african? |
many didn't;t convert bc of strong beliefs in animism; however those who converted kept many of former beliefs which they observed along with islam |
Why would the growth of commerce cause Islam to spread? |
decrease in trade and trade lead to increase in interacting allowing for cultural diffusion |
In the early centuries AD what was happening in Central and South America? |
ppl were entering full flowering of civilization (vs ppl in N America developing complex societies) |
When and what happened during the "Classical Periods" of Mayan civilization? |
Ad 250- 900; Maya built spectacular cities |
What were some of the things that Mayan cities featured? |
Giant pyramids, temples, palaces, & elaborate stone carvings all dedicated to gods and to important rulers |
Describe the Maya City States |
Independent of each other but linked together through alliances and trade |
What were the farming practices of the Maya? |
main crops; maize, beans; squash; sophisticated methods such as planting on raised beds above swamps and on hillside terraces |
Describe the ways in which the Maya worshipped their Gods. |
prayed; made offerings of food, flowers and incense; pierced & cut body in brief that their blood nourished the gods; human sacrifices (usually captured enemies) bc they believed it pleased gods and kept world in balance |
Why is the Mayan calendar so important? |
to know which god was in charge of the day (believed time was burden on god's backs & end of day, month or yr one sets it down & other picks it up) |
What is the Mayan writing system? |
had over 800 hieroglyphic symbols called glyphs (Maya script) |
What are three main reasons that historians conclude led to the fall of the Maya? |
Many physical & human resources funneled into religious activities; frequent warfare occurs between kingdoms; population growth creates need for more land |
Describe the City of Teotihuacan |
city-state just outside of Mexico City which had largest pop of world at the time; love of city w/20 plus pyramids; people lived in apartment – block buildings; became center of thriving trade network that extended far into central america. |
What is the most valuable trade item of the Aztecs and why? |
obsidian (green or black volcanic glass found in valley of mexico) bc it was used to make razor sharp weapons; |
What was one major change in the that occurred when the Toltec's took over? |
worshipped fierce war god who demanded human blood and human sacrifice from followers |
When did the Aztecs arrive in the Valley of Mexico? |
around 1200 AD (Aztecs poor nomadic ppl from harsh desert of northern mexico) |
What God encouraged the Aztec people to found a city of their own? |
god of son & warfare: Ituitzilopochtli |
Describe the triple alliance |
alliances between (aztecs, texcoco, &Illacopan) became leading power in valley of mexico & soon gained control over neighboring regions; by 1800s controlled vast empire covering 80K sq miles stretching frm cent mexico-atlantic & pac coasts & S intoOxaca?? |
Describe the type of sacrifices and religious practices that the Aztec took part in. |
ceremonies to communicate w gods where offerings & ritual dramas were presented; songs & dances ? with masked performers; rel cal varied on which god honored; blood letting bc they believed son god needed human blood to be strong enough to battle evil?? |
What are three main reasons that historians conclude led to the fall of the Aztecs. |
|
What is one of the original beliefs of the Incas? |
that ruler must descend from sun god; ?? would bring prosperity & greatness to incan state |
What did the Inca accomplish under Pachachui? |
conquered all of Peru & by 500 ruled an empire sketching miles along w/ coast of S America; empire had 80 provinces + 16 ppl |
Describe the Incan government |
central bureaucracy; they created efficient economic system; imposed single lang (Quechra ?); founded schools to teach incan way; gov has total control over economic social life |
What is quipu? |
an accounting device, a et of knotted strings that could be used to record data (tends to position on string – #s & color of string = diff categories if into important to gov) |
Compare religious practices of the Inca's to the Aztecs and they Maya. |
offered animal & human sacrifices to please the gods; human sacrifice the most bc sun god needs human blood for nourishment; believes in after life, sacrifices & blood letting to please gods |
What is the most sacred temple in the Inca Civilization? Why? |
Temple of the Sun (in Cuzo) bc decorated in "sweat of sun' & had a garden of plants & animals crafted entirely out of gold & silver |
What are the three main reasons that historians conclude led to fall of the Inca. |
many physical & human resources funneled into religious activities; enemy could also use roads to more troops; ppl struggled to care for themselves w/the elimination of the welfare state |